Real time face recognition systems have several limitations such as collecting features. One training sample per target means less feature extraction techniques are available to use. To obtain an acceptable accuracy, most of face recognition algorithms need more than one training sample per target. In these applications, accuracy of recognition dramatically reduces for the case of one training sample per target face image because of head rotation and variation in illumination state. In this paper, a new hybrid face recognition method by using SINGLE image per PERSON is proposed, which is robust against illumination variations. To achieve robustness against head variations, a rotation detection and compensation stage is added. This method is called Weighted Graphs and PCA (WGPCA). It uses harmony of face components to extract and normalize features, and genetic algorithm with a training set is used to learn the most useful features and real-valued weights associated to individual attributes in the features. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm is applied to classify new faces based on their weighted features from the templates of the training set. Each template contains the corrected distances (Graphs) of different points on the face components and the results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to the output of face detection rectangle. The proposed hybrid algorithm is trained using MATLAB software to determine best features and their associated weights and is then implemented by using delphi XE2 programming environment to recognize faces in real time. The main advantage of this algorithm is the capability of recognizing the face by only one picture in real time. The obtained results of the proposed technique on FERET database show that the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Manifold learning is a dimension reduction method for extracting nonlinear structures of high-dimensional data. Many methods have been introduced for this purpose. Most of these methods usually extract a global manifold for data. However, in many real-world problems, there is not only one global manifold, but also additional information about the objects is shared by a large number of manifolds. In this context, based on previous researches, this paper proposes a nonlinear dimension reduction method based on the deep neural network that extract simultaneously manifolds embedded in data.In nonlinear manifold separator model, unlike unsupervised learning of bottleneck neural network, data labels are indirectly used for manifold learning. Given the deep structure of the model, it has been shown that using pre-training methods can significantly improve its performance; moreover, to improve within-manifold discrimination for different classes, its standard functions have been improved. This paper makes use of the model for extracting both expression and identity manifolds for facial images of the CK+ database. In comparing early and improved models, it is shown that the facial expression recognition rate from 24.29% to 75.07% and the face recognition rate by a SINGLE image of each PERSON by enriching dataset from 90.62% to 97.07% were improved.

In this article, for the purpose of improving neural network models applied in face recognition using SINGLE image per PERSON, a bidirectional neural network inspired of neocortex functional model is presented. In the proposed model, recognition is not performed in a SINGLE stage, but via two bottom-up and top-down phases and the recognition results of first stage is used for model adaptation. We have applied this novel adapting model in combination with clustering PERSON and pose information technique to separate PERSON and pose information and to estimate corresponding manifolds. To increase the number of training samples in the classifier neural network, virtual views of frontal images in the test dataset are synthesized using estimated manifolds. Training classifier network via virtual images obtained from bidirectional network, gives an accuracy rate of 85.45% on the test dataset which shows 1.82% improvement in accuracy of face recognition compared to training classifier with virtual images obtained from clustering PERSON and pose information network.

Context: In traditional communities, marriage is recognized as a mandatory requirement to having children and to achieving social status; given this context, SINGLEness may unfavorably impact an individual’s psychological well-being. This holds particularly true for women. The purpose of the present review was to compare the SINGLE never-married women status in Western and Eastern societies. Evidence Acquisition: Published data were gathered from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Iranian databases such as SID and Magiran. The keywords included “psychological health”, “social health”, “reproductive health”, “marriage”, “never-married women”, “SINGLEness”, and “SINGLE women”. Databases were searched with no time limitation and in both Persian and English languages. Results: Being SINGLE, particularly in old ages, has a variety of adverse psychological consequences in individuals, families, and communities, including depression, strained interPERSONal relationships, isolation, rejection, sadness, and anxiety. Some outcomes are common, while others vary according to different cultures and religions, such as response to sexual needs. Conclusions: SINGLEness have positive and negative effects on individuals. The mental burdens of SINGLEness affect PERSONs, families, and societies. Cultural and societal peculiarities define the way how to cope with the effects of SINGLEness. Thus, identifying the social and psychological consequences of SINGLEness and planning to address them in accordance with the cultures and religions can be an important step for improving the well-being of never-married women.

Introduction: While human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been a subject of somehow extensive investigation, EPCs from adult mouse hematopoietic system were poorly studied. Present investigation is focused on FVB mouse endothelial progenitor cells in terms of their isolation, purification, and expansion. Materials and Methods: Mononuclear cells collected from murine peripheral blood were cultured in fibronectin coated plate for two weeks, at which point, the adherent cell population were lifted and analyzed in terms of some surface markers. Using FACS Vantage equipped with one-cell deposition unit, SINGLE CD34 positive cells were plated per well already containing medium optimized for SINGLE cell growth. Several clones were then emerged, expanded, and examined in terms of some surface markers. Furthermore, the cells were investigated regarding ability to uptake DiI-ac-LDL and form capillary network on matrigel surfaces. Results: Adherent population of mononuclear cells from mouse peripheral blood was appeared morphologically heterogeneous. About 5% of the adherent cells were CD34 positive. Having optimized their culture condition, several CD34 positive clones were expanded. The cells comprising the clones were DiI-ac-LDL+ and formed capillary-like tube when being seeded on matrigel surfaces. Conclusion: The primary culture of the mononuclear cells from murine peripheral blood contains a very limited number of cells positive for endothelial lineage markers. These cells (adherent CD34 positive) could be expanded by SINGLE cell cloning technique.

The problem of PERSONal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the PERSON that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of PERSONal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the PERSON over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given PERSON at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for PERSONal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for PERSONal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving PERSONal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of PERSONal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of PERSONal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of PERSONal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of PERSONal identity.